فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 69 (آذر 1397)

Sexual demand is one of the first five essential needs of human, which is categorized into homo, hetero and bisexual orientations. The aim of the present study was to compare sexual orientations based on personality characteristics, parental bonding and mental health in a sample of Iranian males. Method of the present descriptive study was correlational, the design of the study was causal comparative. A total of 953 males (445 homosexuals, 381 heterosexuals, and 127 bisexuals) participated in the present study, voluntarily. Participants completed Personality Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; McCrae & Costa, 2003), Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979), and Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28, Veit & Ware, 1983). The results revealed that the homosexual group reported higher levels of neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness than the heterosexuals, while the heterosexual group scored extraversion higher than the homosexuals. The heterosexual group reported higher levels of father care than the homosexuals, while the homosexual group scored mother care higher than the heterosexual group. Heterosexuals showed significantly (p < .01) higher levels of mental health than the homosexual group. The former group revealed higher degree of psychological well-being whereas the latter showed higher degree of psychological distress. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that improvement of psychological and societal mental health in terms of sexual orientations requires psychological interventions in both levels of prevention and treatment.

Positive attitude toward school, educational content, and teachers’ behaviors cause academic motivations in students.  Self-regulated learners develop the positive attitude through their own intellectual processes and knowing how to utilize learning strategies.  This research project determines the effectiveness of self-regulation on students with low attitude toward school. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of self-regulation in reinforcing positive attitude toward school among grade 11 students. This experimental study was carried out with a pretest-posttest design and control groups. 88 students (44 male and 44 female) with low scores in attitude to school were selected by using the multistage cluster sampling. The attitude questionnaire toward Mccoach and siegle (2003) school was used as the research tool, and data were analyzed by using one way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results showed the significant effectiveness of the attitude toward to school among both of experimental male and female groups (p<0/01). The development of self-regulation skills, improved the student performance in learning as compared before.  This achievement, in turn, instilled a positive attitude to school among them.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most prevalent neural-behavioral disorders attracting the attention of psychologists and psychiatrics from long ago. The present research addresses the issue that what is the effect of working memory training on behavioral symptoms of ADHD disorder. The aim of research is to study the effectiveness of working memory training on recovery of behavioral symptom of ADHD children in the format of a semi-experimental design from pretest-posttest type with the presence of control group; the intended sample included 40 volunteer students with ADHD which were placed randomly. Research tools included clinical interview, Khodadadi Working Memory Training Software (2014), Conners’Parent Questionnaire-Revised (1999), Swanson SNAP-IV Rating Scale (1980). ADHD was diagnosed by clinical interview and SNAP-IV. In order to control the intelligence of subjects Riven children intelligence test (1938) was used. Test group attended in 10 working memory training sessions, while control group were not exposed to any intervention. Both groups’ subjects in both pretest-posttest completed Conners questionnaire and SNAP-IV. Results. Results obtained from multivariate covariance analysis indicated that working memory training has significantly reduced their impulsivity/ hyperactivity and increase in attention of experimental group, compared to control group in posttest phase(p<0/001). working memory training can be considered as a complementary therapeutic approach on recovery from behavioral symptoms (attention-deficit and impulsivity) of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity.

Research shows that people engage in positive and negative gossip by a variety of reasons and different purposes, that resulting in different outcomes. Also, negative gossip has a positive correlation with mental fatigue, depersonalization, and Care less than optimal, and has a negative correlation with job commitment and patient safety culture. But the question is, are the dimensions and components of gossip in organizational environment different from the social environment? The purpose of this study is to identify the latent variables in gossip behavior and determine its underlying factors.  The method of this research is a combination method. In the first stage, the gossip items were retrieved using interviews and library studies. In this step, coding of the categories and classifications was carried out and then, with the exploratory factor analysis approach, the initial constructs of the gossip were obtained. Samples were selected in three stages and in each step by purposeful and random sampling, and after obtaining organizational gossip constructs, their relationship with social desirability Stober(2001), Machiavelli's behavior Allsopp(1991) and Organizational Trust Measurement (Nyhan and Marlowe, 1997) were investigated.   The results represent the 7 dimensions of organizational gossip. Identified factors with an internal correlation of 0.7, explain 37% of the total variance and have an acceptable alpha coefficient.   Dimensions of the model are different with the gossip models in the community and managers should consider the gossips content in the organization different from the gossips in the community.

In recent years, addiction such as drug dependence has increased in Afghanistan. Since the lack of scientific study of personality traits and emotional intelligence of addicts can lead to the ineffectiveness of prevention methods. the purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the personality traits and emotional intelligence of drug addicts [heroin and methamphetamine] in 293 addicts as experimental group with 293 non-addicted people as control group living in Kabul city who were matched in terms of demographic characteristics. The research method was a retrospective case-control study. DSM-5 criteria were used to diagnose drug dependence, the MMPI-2 test was used to assess the personality traits and the Bar On test was used to assess the emotional intelligence. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used to test the research hypotheses. The findings of the study showed that the mean of drug addicts in all indicators of MMPI-2 test were higher than those of normal people(p<0/001). Regarding emotional intelligence, the mean scores of healthy subjects in all bar-test criteria were also higher than those who were addicted to drugs such as heroin and methamphetamine. The normal people had better personality characteristics and emotional intelligence than addicted people.

Domestic violence is a social problem that can lead to many physical and mental consequences.    Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of supportive group reality therapy on the hope and responsibility of divorced women of victim of domestic violence. The research method is semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The sample consists of 30 divorced women who have been subjected to domestic violence. The instruments used were two questionnaires: Schneider's Hope Questionnaire, and California's Personality Questionnaire's Responsibility Scale. After selecting the groups, the pre-test was used for the primary control, after which the experimental group was exposed to education (training sessions were based on Glaser's theory of supportive group therapy), the independent variable in 10 sessions of 80 minutes to the group The test was presented, but no training was provided for the control group. To analyze the results of this research, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. At the inferential level of the research data, the covariance analysis test was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the data analysis indicated that support for group therapy therapy with a reality therapy approach is effective in increasing the hope of future and accountability of the divorced women victims of domestic violence(p<0.05).    According to the results of the research, it can be said that the reality of treatment by group method helps clients to feel responsible and to achieve personal identity through personal responsibility and to forget about what has been experienced by violence.

One of the most important issues facing education is the psychological problems and challenges in addition to the educational problems of students. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-awareness logotherapy on girl's adolescent self-control. The research method is semi-experimental. The statistical population of this study was adolescent students aged 13 to 18 years old in Tehran during the academic year 2018. From this community, 40 students, 20 as a test group were selected to present a self-awareness curriculum (based on the psychometric approach) and 20 subjects as the control group. The instrument of this study was Grossmic Self-Control Questionnaire (1993). Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test and the pre-test for the variables of randomness, physical preferences, self-actualization and anxiety (p<0.05).  Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that psychotherapists use self-awareness training (based on the logo therapy approach) Psychometrics) in order to correct attitudes in order to strengthen self-control in which the weakening of what impedes the meaning of will in girls.

In the literature of couples ' relationships, how couples deal with is dependent on how to assess the individual and the impact of the individual and their shared life as well as the attachment styles of each couple. One of the crucial variables in marital relations is the coping strategies with the tension factor. The current research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) on Coping Strategies in Couples Referred to Tehran Counseling Centers. Method of research was semi-experimental (pre-Test, Post-Test, Follow-up) with control group. The study population included all couples who referred to counseling centers due to marital conflicts. Sampling was purposeful in which 30 couples, were selected, and randomly divided into two groups (15 couples each). Experimental group received 10 sessions EFCT once a week. After the end of the intervention, both the experimental and control groups were performed post-test in the studied variable and after two months, the follow up test was performed. Tool was coping strategies resources1989(CSR). Covariance& Repeated measures analysis were used for data analysis. The results showed that the Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy reduced the emotional and inefficient coping strategies(P>0.05) and increased problem-focused coping strategies (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the effect of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy in Couples Referred to Tehran Counseling Centers. has been effective also the results of the findings showed that there was no significant difference in gender variable in coping strategies between couples.

Speech disorder is one of the most important disorders of growth.that A disorder is considered to be a range of psychological problems. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of speech therapy method on psychological symptoms (social relationships and anxiety) and psychological abilities (self-confidence and self-concept). The research method used in this study was a semi-experimental method of pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all young people aged 20-40 years with stuttering disorders in Tehran. The sample size is 30 people. In each group, 15 subjects were placed Multi-variable covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that there was a difference between the mean scores of self-concept, self-esteem, social relationships, and anxiety among speech therapy and control groups (p<0.05).   This means that the speech therapy method has affected self-concept, self-esteem, social relations and anxiety.

The family is the first and most durable factor that has been known as the constructor of the character of the next child's behaviors. The objective of present research is to study the effectiveness of positive parenting style on affective-behavioral difficulties of primary school children with learning disorders. The present research design is from semi-experimental type. Statistical population of this research consists of all students with learning disability in primary level referring to Araman Counseling Center in 2017 in order to recover from this problem. Sample includes 39 students who were selected purposefully, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and divided randomly to two groups each including 16 students; they were evaluated pre and post intervention, by research tool. The research tool was Rotter’s affective-behavioral problems checklist. Research data was analyzed by mixed analysis of variance. Data analysis results showed that, in 3 stages of evaluation, th ere were significant differences between violence and hyperactivity, anxiety and depression, social incompatibility and antisocial behavior averages of participants according to their membership in positive parenting style and control group(P<0/05). So, we may conclude that positive parenting style influences affective-behavioral problems of primary school children with learning disorders.

Bachground: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Due to symptoms can lead to problems in the interpersonal relationships of the affected individuals, which can aggravate or relapse the disease. Therfore, Functional Analytic with emphasis on intimacy and interpersonsl problems, can improve symptoms and prevent recurrence of the disease. Therefore, The purpose of this study was the efficacy of functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) on Improving Depression and communication skill Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-and-post design with control group. Therefore, 24 subjects were selected via accessible sampling from the clientele and divided into two groups. The tools used in this research were: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI,1996) and communication skill Questionnaire(CSQ,1983). the results of covariance analysis indicated that the effect of experimental group had a significant effect on depression and  communication skills (sig 0.01). this suggests that  Functional Analytic Psychotherapy could reduce the depression and in communication skills in patient with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder.

 Academic progress is one of the main priorities of schools, which is the main goal of education.   This study investigated Achievement Motivation as a mediator of the relationship between Test Anxiety and Locus of Control with Academic Achievement between Test Anxiety and Locus of Control. Correlation studies based on structural equation modeling technique, in particular regression equations (combining path analysis and factor analysis second). A total of 508 students (255 boys and 253 girls) were selected by simple random sampling. Hermans achievement motivation inventory, Test Anxiety Questionnaire and Rotter·s Locus of Control Scale were used to collect data. GPA was as academic achievement.   The results showed that the research model was confirmed and in general, 27% of academic achievement can be explained by achievement motivation, test anxiety and locus of control. So with decrease of Test Anxiety and increase locus of control can increase achievement motivation in students and improve academic achievement.